Distributed method for client optimization

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure discloses a distributed method and network device for providing client optimization in WLANs. Specifically, a first access point detects a plurality of client devices. The first access point also receives information identifying a first set of client devices associated with the second access point. Then first access point then identifies a subset of the detected plurality of client devices that are also identified in the first set of client devices associated with the second access point. Finally, the first access point transmits to the second access point characteristics corresponding to the subset of the plurality of client devices. The characteristics are determined based on wireless signals received by the first access point from the subset of the plurality of client devices.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to client management in a wireless localarea network (WLAN). In particular, the present disclosure relates to animproved mechanism for providing distributed client optimization in aWLAN.

BACKGROUND

Wireless digital networks, such as networks operating under the currentElectrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards, arespreading in their popularity and availability. In a typical WLANenvironment, a client device will select one of the access points (APs)in the WLAN to associate with. Generally, the client device will selectthe AP from which the client device receives a signal with strongestsignal strength compared with signals received from other APs in theWLAN.

Such selection usually works well for the first time when the clientdevice joins the WLAN. However, as time progresses, some events may leadto this initial selection of AP by the client device no longer being anoptimal selection. For example, the client device may roam to a newlocation that is far away from the AP. As another example, the AP mayhave been overloaded with too many other client devices. As yet anotherexample, the wireless channel on which the client device communicateswith the AP may be experiencing significant interference or noises.Usually when such events happen, the client device would start toexperience poor network connectivity. However, the client device may beunwilling or unable to disassociate with the initial AP and associatewith a new AP in the WLAN responsive to such events. Note that, when aclient device selects a sub-optimal AP, the poor selection not onlyaffects the client device's own network connectivity, but also affectthe AP's performance and other client the network connectivity of otherclient devices in the WLAN.

In a centralized system, a central network controller device could helpthe client device select an optimal AP and instruct to the APs tofacilitate the client device to be connected with the selected AP.However, in a distributed system where there is no centralized networkcontrol device, there are at least two problems that prevent an AP fromhelping the client device to select an optimal AP in the WLAN. First, a“thin” AP has limited computational resource, and mainly forwardspackets between wireless and wired networks. Thus, a “thin” AP is unableto help the client to select an optimal AP.

Second, a “fat” AP, on the other hand, can provide much broadfunctionality. One of multiple “fat” APs from an AP cluster may beself-elected as a master AP to provide network management of other APs(hereinafter referred to as “slave APs”) in the same cluster of APs.Nevertheless, a slave AP often does not communicate with a master APbefore a client device completes the association phrase. Thus, the slaveAP may only communicate with the master AP after the client device isalready connected with the WLAN. Therefore, the master AP has limitedability to influence the slave AP on the optimal AP selection for theclient device due to this lack of communication during client deviceassociation and authentication process. Hence, it is desirable to have alightweight solution that allows an AP to help the client select anoptimal AP to connect in a distributed WLAN system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure may be best understood by referring to thefollowing description and accompanying drawings that are used toillustrate embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 shows exemplary computing environment according to embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate exemplary AP states before and after propagationaccording to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate exemplary virtual beacon report (VBR) maintainedat different access points according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates exemplary communication exchanges between accesspoints during decision propagation according to embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary state machine according to embodimentsof the present disclosure.

FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate an exemplary process for distributed clientoptimization according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system fordistributed client optimization according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, several specific details are presented toprovide a thorough understanding. While the context of the disclosure isdirected to client management in WLANs, one skilled in the relevant artwill recognize, however, that the concepts and techniques disclosedherein can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, orin combination with other components, etc. In other instances,well-known implementations or operations are not shown or described indetails to avoid obscuring aspects of various examples disclosed herein.It should be understood that this disclosure covers all modifications,equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure.

Overview

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to client management in awireless local area network (WLAN). In particular, the presentdisclosure relates to an improved mechanism for providing distributedclient optimization in WLANs.

With the solution provided herein, a disclosed first access pointdetects a plurality of client devices, and receives informationidentifying a first set of client devices associated with a secondaccess point. The first access point also identifies a subset of thedetected plurality of client devices that are also identified in thefirst set of client devices associated with the second access point.Then, the first access point transmits, to the second access point,characteristics corresponding to the subset of the plurality of clientdevices. Note that, the characteristics is determined based on wirelesssignals received by the first access point from the subset of theplurality of client devices.

According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a disclosedsecond access point transmits, to a first access point, informationidentifying a plurality of client devices associated with the secondaccess point. The second access point also receives, from the firstaccess point, characteristics associated with at least one client devicein the plurality of client devices. Here, the characteristics isdetermined by the second access point based on wireless signals receivedby the second access point from the at least one client device. Further,the second access point selects a particular access point for providingnetwork access to the at least one client device based at least on thecharacteristics received from the first access point.

Computing Environment

FIG. 1 shows exemplary computing environment according to embodiments ofthe present disclosure. Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 1, a WLAN100 includes a router 160, a switch 130, a number of access points (APs)(such as, AP 140, AP 145, AP 148 etc.) deployed in cluster mode as an APcluster 115, a number of client devices (such as, client device 150,client device 154, client device 158, etc.), and so on. Note that, WLAN100 does not include any centralized network controller device. Rather,the APs in AP cluster 115 self-elect a master AP, which can manage theconfigurations for one or more other APs (hereinafter referred to asslave APs). Here, it is assumed that AP 148 is self-elected as master APto manage slave APs 140-145.

Moreover, in the exemplary network depicted in FIG. 1, a number ofclient devices are connected to the access points in WLAN 100. Forexample, client devices 150-154 are associated with master AP 148,client device 156 is associated with slave AP 140; and, client devices,such as client device 158, are associated with AP 145. Note that, clientdevices may be connected to the access points via wired or wirelessconnections.

During operations, a wireless station, such as client device 150, clientdevice 154, client device 156, or client device 158, will initiallytransmit an association request over the air. Any AP in the physicalneighborhood of the wireless station can respond with an associationresponse. Based on the signal strength of a signal received from theneighboring APs, the wireless station selects an AP to completeassociation process. Once the wireless station is associated with arespective access point (e.g., AP 140, AP 145, AP 148, etc.), becausethe APs are deployed in the cluster mode, a slave AP that a clientdevice is connected to will forward all network packets originated fromthe client device on a native VLAN to the master AP via an upstreamswitch. Each AP is connected to an upstream switch via one or moreports.

Moreover, each AP in AP cluster 115 may periodically collect informationfrom client devices of WLAN 100, and share the collected informationwith each other by propagating the information using broadcast ormulticast messages. From the propagated information about a particularclient device, a respective AP will learn the client device informationfrom other APs' perspectives. Such client device information mayinclude, for example, whether another AP in AP cluster 115 can hear thesignal transmitted from the particular client device; what the receivedsignal strength associated with a signal from the particular clientdevice is at another AP; etc. The associated AP and/or the master AP canthen determine whether to move a particular client device to associatewith another AP based on the client device information as perceived byall APs in AP cluster 115 combined with network device information. Thenetwork device information includes, but is not limited to, networkload, channel interference, channel utilization, different APs'differentiated capabilities, etc.

Moreover, the associated AP and/or the master AP can further determine anew AP in AP cluster 115 the particular client device should beassociated with. This decision will then be propagated among all APs inAP cluster 115. If all APs agree to the decision, the particular clientdevice will be moved to associate with the new AP, for example, througha de-authorization process from the associated AP followed by are-association process with the new AP.

Network according to embodiments of the present disclosure may operateon a private network including one or more local area networks. Thelocal area networks may be adapted to allow wireless access, therebyoperating as a wireless local area network (WLAN). In some embodiments,one or more networks may share the same extended service set (ESS)although each network corresponds to a unique basic service set (BSS)identifier.

In addition, network depicted in FIG. 1 may include multiple networkcontrol plane devices, such as network controllers, access points orrouters capable of controlling functions, etc. Each network controlplane device may be located in a separate sub-network. The networkcontrol plane device may manage one or more network management devices,such as access points or network servers, within the sub-network.

Distributed Client Optimization

According to embodiments of present disclosure, multiple APs aredeployed in a network environment. The multiple APs collaborativelyprovide network access to client devices of a WLAN. To allow fordistributed client optimization, each AP needs to learn informationabout a particular client device from all other APs in an AP cluster. Inother words, for a particular client device, each AP directly collects adifferent set of client information. If the APs can share with eachother the different set of client information, the all APs in the APcluster will have the same set of client information pertaining to aparticular client device. Based on this uniform set of clientinformation, the APs can determine which AP is the best AP for theparticular client device to associate with in the WLAN. If it isdetermined that the particular client device shall be moved to associatewith a new AP, the APs can then propagate such decision in the APcluster. Upon agreement from all neighboring APs to the particularclient device, the move decision will be executed, for example, by ade-authorization process from the current AP followed by an associationprocess with the new AP. Hence, in generally, distributed clientoptimization involves at least four basic components: collectinginformation; making decision; propagating decision; and executingdecision. Each of the basic components is described in the followingsections in details.

A. Collecting Information

The first basic component of distributed client optimization is for eachAP to complete information collection. Each AP maintains a virtualbeacon report (VBR), which in its initial stage, includes only theclient devices that are associated with a respective AP. Referring nowto FIG. 2A, at initial stage 200, the system includes at least threeAPs, namely AP₁, AP₂, and AP₃. Furthermore, because client₁ 240, client₂250, client₃ 260 are initially associated with AP₁, AP₁ VBR 210 includesat least three entries corresponding to client₁ 240, client₂ 250,client₃ 260 respectively. Also, because client₄ 270 and client₅ 280 areinitially associated with AP₂, AP₂ VBR 220 includes at least two entriescorresponding to client₄ 270 and client₅ 280 respectively. Likewise,because client₆ 290 is initially associated with AP₃, AP₃ VBR 230includes at least one entry corresponding to client₆ 290. During thisinitial stage, each AP will only announce the list of client devicesthat are associated with each AP to other APs in the WLAN.

FIG. 2B shows the state of the system after VBR propagation 205. In thisexample, assuming that AP₁ can also receive frames from client₄ 270; AP₂can also receive frames from client₁ 240 and client₂ 250; and, AP₃ canalso receive frames from client₃ 260. Moreover, assuming that, AP₁, AP₂,and AP₃ are deployed within the same physical neighborhood, and thus canhear the VBR announcement from each other.

In general, during VBR propagation, when an AP receives a VBRannouncement from a neighboring AP, the AP will compare the client listin the announcement frame with the list of clients that the AP can hearitself. If the AP can hear from a client appearing in a client listobtained from a neighboring AP's VBR announcement, the AP will add theclient information from the neighboring AP's VBR announcement frame.

For example, AP₁ may receive the VBR announcement frame includinginformation of client₄ 270 and client₅ 280 from AP₂. Because AP₁ canhear client₄ 270, AP₁ will copy client₄ 270's information from AP₂'sannouncement frame to AP₁'s own VBR. On the other hand, because AP₁cannot hear client₅ 280, AP₁ will not copy client₅ 280's informationfrom AP₂'s announcement frame to AP₁'s own VBR. Also, AP₁ may receivethe VBR announcement including information of client₆ 290 from AP₃.Because AP₁ cannot hear client₆ 290, AP₁ will not copy client₆ 290'sinformation from AP₃'s announcement frame to AP₁'s own VBR. Thus, afterVBR propagation 205, AP₁'s VBR 210 will include client₁ 240 (associatedclient), client₂ 250 (associated client), client₃ 260 (associatedclient), and client₄ 270 (client associated with AP₂ whose informationcopied from AP₂'s VBR announcement frame).

As another example, AP₂ may receive the VBR announcement frame includinginformation of client₁ 240, client₂ 250, and client₃ 260 from AP₁.Because AP₂ can hear client₁ 240 and client₂ 250, AP₂ will copyinformation regarding client₁ 240 and client₂ 250 from AP₁'sannouncement frame to AP₂'s own VBR. On the other hand, because AP₂cannot hear client₃ 260, AP₂ will not copy client₃ 260's informationfrom AP₁'s announcement frame to AP₂'s own VBR. Also, AP₁ may receivethe VBR announcement including information of client₆ 290 from AP₃.Because AP₂ cannot hear client₆ 290, AP₂ will not copy client₆ 290'sinformation from AP₃'s announcement frame to AP₂'s own VBR. Thus, afterVBR propagation 205, AP₂'s VBR 220 will include client₄ 270 (associatedclient), client₅ 280 (associated client), client₁ 240 (client associatedwith AP₁ whose information copied from AP₁'s VBR announcement frame),and client₂ 250 (client associated with AP₁ whose information copiedfrom AP₁'s VBR announcement frame).

Likewise, AP₃ may receive the VBR announcement frame includinginformation of client₁ 240, client₂ 250, and client₃ 260 from AP₁.Because AP₃ can hear client₃ 260, AP₃ will copy information regardingclient₃ 260 from AP₁'s announcement frame to AP₃'s own VBR. On the otherhand, because AP₃ cannot hear client₁ 240 and client₂ 250, AP₂ will notcopy information of client₁ 240 and client₂ 250 from AP₁'s announcementframe to AP₃'s own VBR. Also, AP₃ may receive the VBR announcementincluding information of client₄ 270 and client₅ 280 from AP₂. BecauseAP₃ cannot hear client₄ 270 and client₅ 280, AP₃ will not copyinformation of client₄ 270 and client₅ 280 from AP₂'s announcement frameto AP₃'s own VBR. Thus, after VBR propagation 205, AP₃'s VBR 230 willinclude client₆ 290 (associated client), and client₃ 260 (clientassociated with AP₁ whose information copied from AP₁'s VBR announcementframe).

In some embodiments, for a client that are associated with a current AP,if the client is also heard at a different AP in the AP cluster, thecurrent AP will insert a corresponding entry and copy the informationheard at the different AP from the VBR announcement frame received fromthe different AP.

In some embodiments, for a client that is heard at a current AP but notassociated with the current AP, if the client is associated with adifferent AP in the AP cluster, the current AP will insert acorresponding entry and copy the information heard at the client'sassociated AP from the VBR announcement frame received from thedifferent AP.

In some embodiments, the client information propagation can be performediteratively among the APs in the AP cluster until no AP has any moreupdates to its VBR. In some embodiments, the VBR is maintained only forthe associated clients. If a particular client disassociates with theWLAN, the client is removed from the VBRs at all APs.

In some embodiments, the VBR is updated in response to a change in thesignal strength associated with a wireless signal received from aparticular client device. In some embodiments, the updated VBR will notbe propagated to the AP's neighboring APs until a triggering eventoccurs or a predetermined fixed interval expires.

In some embodiments, each AP will add some additional information to theVBR announcement frame before broadcasting the frame to the WLAN. Theadditional information may include, but is not limited to, the AP's ownidentifier (e.g., the AP's Media Access Control (MAC) address).

In some embodiments, each AP may broadcast the VBR announcement frameperiodically at a fixed interval, which can be configured by a networkadministrator. A default interval, e.g., 30 seconds, can be set withoutany input from the network administrator. In some embodiments, an AP maybroadcast the VBR announcement frame in response to a triggering event.The triggering event may include, but is not limited to, a new clientdevice associating with the AP.

Here, an AP is said to be able to “hear” a client device, if the AP canreceive a broadcast or multicast wireless frame from the client devicethat is not associated with the AP. Note that, a client, a clientdevice, a wireless station, and/or a station are used interchangeable inthe present disclosure.

B. Making Decision

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate exemplary virtual beacon report (VBR) maintainedat different access points according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure. Specifically, FIG. 3A illustrates AP₁'s VBR 340 after VBRpropagation. AP₁'s VBR 340 includes at least a field for clientidentifiers (client 300), a field for AP identifiers (AP 310), a fieldfor association status (associated? 320), and a field for signalstrength (signal strength 330).

After VBR propagation, AP₁ has four clients in its VBR 340, namelyclient₁, client₂, client₃, and client₄. For client₁, the correspondingAP₁'s VBR entries indicate that client₁ is associated with AP₁ and thesignal strength of a signal from client₁ heard at AP₁ is 32 dB; and,client₁ is not associated with AP₂ but can be heard at AP₂ and thesignal strength of a signal from client₁ heard at AP₂ is 26 dB. Forclient₂, the corresponding AP₁'s VBR entries indicate that client₂ isassociated with AP₁ and the signal strength of a signal from client₂heard at AP₁ is 17 dB; and, client₂ is not associated with AP₂ but canbe heard at AP₂ and the signal strength of a signal from client₂ heardat AP₂ is 38 dB. For client₃, the corresponding AP₁'s VBR entriesindicate that client₃ is associated with AP₁ and the signal strength ofa signal from client₃ heard at AP₁ is 29 dB; and that client₃ is notassociated with AP₃ but can be heard at AP₃ and the signal strength of asignal from client₃ heard at AP₃ is 26 dB. For client₄, thecorresponding AP₁'s VBR entries indicate that client₄ is not associatedwith AP₁ but can be heard at AP₁ and the signal strength of a signalfrom client₄ heard at AP₁ is 33 dB; and, client₄ is associated with AP₂and the signal strength of a signal from client₄ heard at AP₂ is 28 dB.

Referring now to FIG. 3B, AP₂'s VBR 350 includes at least a field forclient identifiers (client 300), a field for AP identifiers (AP 310), afield for association status (associated? 320), and a field for signalstrength (signal strength 330). After VBR propagation, AP₂ has fourclients in its VBR 350, namely client₁, client₂, client₄, and client₅.For client₁, the corresponding AP₁'s VBR entries indicate that client₁is associated with AP₁ and the signal strength of a signal from client₁heard at AP₁ is 32 dB; and, client₁ is not associated with AP₂ but canbe heard at AP₂ and the signal strength of a signal from client₁ heardat AP₂ is 26 dB. For client₂, the corresponding AP₂'s VBR entriesindicate that client₂ is associated with AP₁ and the signal strength ofa signal from client₂ heard at AP₁ is 17 dB; and, client₂ is notassociated with AP₂ but can be heard at AP₂ and the signal strength of asignal from client₂ heard at AP₂ is 38 dB. For client₄, thecorresponding AP₂'s VBR entries indicate that client₄ is not associatedwith AP₁ but can be heard at AP₁ and the signal strength of a signalfrom client₄ heard at AP₁ is 33 dB; and, client₄ is associated with AP₂and the signal strength of a signal from client₄ heard at AP₂ is 28 dB.For client₅, the corresponding AP₂'s VBR entries indicate that client₃is associated with AP₂ and the signal strength of a signal from client₃heard at AP₂ is 31 dB.

Referring now to FIG. 3C, AP₃'s VBR 360 includes at least a field forclient identifiers (client 300), a field for AP identifiers (AP 310), afield for association status (associated? 320), and a field for signalstrength (signal strength 330). After VBR propagation, AP₃ has twoclients in its VBR 360, namely client₃ and client₆. For client₃, thecorresponding AP₃'s VBR entries indicate that client₃ is associated withAP₁ and the signal strength of a signal from client₃ heard at AP₁ is 29dB; and that client₃ is not associated with AP₃ but can be heard at AP₃and the signal strength of a signal from client₃ heard at AP₃ is 26 dB.For client₆, the corresponding AP₃'s VBR entries indicate that client₆is associated with AP₃ and the signal strength of a signal from client₃heard at AP₃ is 32 dB.

Note that, for each client device, the information maintained atdifferent APs in the AP cluster is identical after the clientinformation collection and propagation complete at each AP, because thepropagation of VBRs is limited to client devices that are associatedwith each AP or associated with its neighboring APs. In other words, ifa particular AP only hears a client, but the client does not appear inany of the VBRs received from other neighboring APs, then the client'sinformation will not be included in the particular AP's VBR.

The uniform post-propagation VBR information per client allows the APsto make decisions regarding which AP is the best AP for a particularclient to associate without assistance from a centralized controllerdevice. In some embodiments, the decision can be made at, for examplethe current AP with which the particular client device is associated.Thus, in this example, AP₁ will make decisions for client₁, client₂, andclient₃; AP₂ will make decisions for client₄ and client₅; and AP₃ willmake decision for client₆.

More specifically, because in AP₁'s VBR 340, for client₂ that isassociated with AP₁, the signal strength of a signal from client₂received at AP₁ is 17 dB, whereas the signal strength of a signal fromclient₂ received at AP₂ is 38 dB. Because AP₂ hears a stronger signalfrom client₂ than AP₁, AP₁ will decide that AP₂ is a better AP thanitself for client₂ to be associated with.

Note that, although only signal strength is used in the illustratedexample, other parameters can be collected, shared, and propagated bythe APs in the AP cluster to facilitate the decision-making as well.Such parameters may include, but are not limited to, the number of timesthat a particular client has been triggered to be moved to another AP inthe past; the application type associated with the particular client(e.g., whether the client is using a voice application); the number ofsuccessful client moves in the past; the device type associated with theparticular client (e.g., whether the client device is an Apple® device);the platform and/or operating system associated with the particularclient (e.g., whether the client uses an iOS platform); the status ofthe particular client (whether associated with the current AP orassociated with a neighboring AP but heard by the current AP); etc.

Various policies can be applied to the parameters to determine whether aparticular client device should be moved to associate with a new AP inthe AP cluster. First, if a client is “sticky” to the AP such that, evenif the client is experiencing poor received signal strength indicator(RSSI) for the connection with the AP, the client does not disassociatewith the AP. If an AP observes a “sticky” client from the VBR, the APwill trigger the client to move to a new AP with a better RSSI.

Second, the AP can trigger a client move to another AP to achievespectrum load balance. For example, one particular channel from multiplechannels in a WLAN is busy with a large number of associated clientswith a first AP communicating on the particular channel. On the otherhand, a second AP may communicate on a different channel, whereas only asmall number of associated clients communicating on the differentchannel. Thus, the first AP may trigger a move for one or more of itsclients to change to associate with the second AP on the differentchannel. This change may improve the performance of the entire spectrumdue to more balanced channel load across the spectrum.

Third, the AP can trigger a client move to another AP to achieve a bandsteering effect. Specifically, there are two bandwidths that are oftenused in WLAN, namely, the 2.4 GHz band and the 5 GHz band. Becauseinterference more often exist in the 2.4 GHz band than the 5 GHz band,if a client has dual-band capability to operate on both the 2.4 GHz andthe 5 GHz bands, the AP may trigger a move for the client to associatewith a new AP on a different and better band with less interferences.

Fourth, the AP can trigger a client move to another AP to achieve goodchannel utilization. For example, one particular channel from multiplechannels in a WLAN is busy with high channel utilization rate (e.g.,99%). Note that, the channel may have a high channel utilization ratewith only a few clients communicating on the channel. On the other hand,a second AP may communicate on a different channel, whereas the channelutilization rate associated with the different channel is quite low(e.g., 10%). Thus, the first AP may trigger a move for one or more ofits clients to change to associate with the second AP on the differentchannel.

Finally, the AP can trigger a client move to another AP to match theclient's capability with the AP's capability. For example, the APs canbe divided into four categories: (1) APs in compliance with IEEE802.11a/b/g standard protocols; (2) APs in compliance with IEEE 802.11nstandard protocol; and (3) APs in compliance with IEEE 802.11ac standardprotocol. Moreover, the clients can be divided into multiple categoriesas well based on characteristics of the clients and/or channels thatthey communicate on: (1) 20 MHz channels, (2) 40 MHz channels, and (3)80 MHz or 160 MHz channels. Thus, the first AP may trigger a move for aclient capable of communicating on 80 MHz or 160 MHz channels toassociate with an AP capable of supporting IEEE 802.11ac standard.

C. Propagating Decision

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary decision propagation process accordingto embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 4 includes AP₁ 410, AP₂420, and AP₃ 430 that are physically located in the same neighborhood,such that the APs can hear broadcast or multicast messages transmittedfrom each other. In the illustrated example, AP1 determines that client2should be moved to associate with AP₂. Thus, AP1 will send an adoptionrequest message (e.g., move request 450). The adoption request messageincludes at least a message type (e.g., move request), a clientidentifier (e.g., client₂) identifying the client requested to be movedto a new AP from the message sender, and an AP identifier (e.g., AP₂)identifying the target AP for the requested client to move to. Theadoption request message (e.g., move request 450) will be broadcasted inthe WLAN, and thus be heard by AP₂ 420 and AP₃ 430.

Each neighboring AP will transmit an adoption response message (e.g.,move response 460, move response 470) in response to receiving theadoption request message. The adoption response message may include atleast a type of message (e.g., move request), a client identifier (e.g.,client₂) identifying the client requested to be moved to a new AP fromthe message sender, and a vote identifying whether the sender of theadoption response message agrees to moving the client to the target APas requested in the adoption request message. Note that, the adoptionresponse message can be transmitted as either a broadcast message or aunicast message destined to the sender of the adoption request message.

For a non-target AP, such as AP₃ 430, the AP will typically transmitmessage indicating a vote for move. Thus, the adoption response messageserves as an acknowledgement of the move request from the non-target AP(e.g., AP₃ 430). On the other hand, for the target AP (e.g., AP₂ 420),the AP may vote against the requested client move. For example, becauseVBR is propagated periodically between APs in the AP cluster, theinformation may become stale. Specifically, the VBR information may havechanged at AP₂ 420, but not yet updated at AP₁ 410. Thus, based on thechanged VBR information, AP₂ 420 may no longer be the best AP for theclient to associate with. As another example, it is possible thatmultiple APs (e.g., both AP₁ 410 and AP₃ 430) initiate adoption requestmessages for multiple clients to move to AP₂ 420 during the same periodof time. However, AP₂ 420 may not be able to accommodate all of therequested client moves. Therefore, AP₂ 420 may deny a subset ofrequested client moves in response to the number of requested clientmoves exceeds a threshold number. The threshold number may bedynamically adjusted based on a load at AP₂ 420.

In some embodiments, after AP₂ 420 transmits the adoption responsemessage, AP₂ 420 will maintain a local record indicating that AP₂ 420will accept client₂'s subsequent association request. Likewise, afterAP3 430 transmits the adoption response message, AP₃ 430 will maintain alocal record indicating that AP₃ 430 will deny client₂'s subsequentassociation request (because the target AP is AP₂ 420, not AP₃ 430).

D. Executing Decision

In the illustrated example here, because both AP₂ 420 and AP₃ 430 votefor the requested client move from AP₁ 410 to AP₂ 420, AP₁ 410 willproceed to execute the move decision. For example, AP₁ 410 cande-authorize client₂ that is currently associated with AP₁ 410. Becausesignals from client₂ can only be heard at AP₁ 410 and AP₂ 420, and AP₁410 has de-authorized client₂, client₂ will associate with AP₂ 420subsequent to AP₁ 410 de-authorizes client₂. Note that, even if signalsfrom client₂ could be heard at all three APs, client₂ will stillassociate with AP₂ 420 subsequent to AP₁ 410 de-authorizes client₂because AP₃ maintains a local record indicating that AP₃ 430 will denyclient₂'s subsequent association request. In some embodiments, insteadof denying client₂'s subsequent association request, AP₃ 430 may opt notto respond to client₂'s subsequent association request.

After client₂ successfully associates with AP₂ 420, AP₂ 420 willbroadcast an adoption done message with a flag set to indicate thesuccess of the client move requested by AP₁ 410. The adoption donemessage will be received by both AP₁ 410 and AP₃ 430, which will resetits local record regarding whether or not to access subsequentassociation request from client₂. On the other hand, if client₂re-associates with AP₁ 410, AP₁ 410 will broadcast an adoption donemessage with a flag set to indicate the failure of the requested clientmove.

In some embodiments, AP₁ 410 may keep track of the number ofre-association requests from client₂ after AP₁ 410 de-authorizesclient₂. If the number of re-association requests exceeds apreconfigured threshold number, AP₁ 410 will accept the re-associationrequest from client₂. For example, a network administrator may configurethat an AP shall not receive more than 8 re-association requests withinany period of 10 seconds or less. This is because AP₁ 410 can infer,from the persistent re-association requests, that client₂ has a strongpreference to be associated with AP₁ 410. If AP₁ 410 continue denyingre-association requests from client₂, client₂ may not be able to connectto the WLAN.

State Machine for Distributed Client Optimization

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary state machine according to embodimentsof the present disclosure. FIG. 5 includes at least nine states, such asINIT 510, TARGET 520, ADOPTED 530, DENY 540, TARGET_DENY 550, HOME 560,IN_VOICE 570, DONE 580, FAILED 590, etc.

In addition, FIG. 5 also illustrates how a state can transit to anotherstate. Specifically, state transition “a” indicates that an AP caninitiate a adoption request to find a better AP for a client device.State transition “b” indicates that the AP has received the adoptionrequest but is not the target AP for the requested move. Statetransition “c” indicates that the AP has received the adoption requestand is identified as the target AP for the requested move. Statetransition “d” indicates that the AP has received adoption response fromall APs and thus can de-authorize the client that is to be moved to thetarget AP. State transition “e” indicates that the target AP has agreedto the requested client move. State transition “f” indicates that theclient has associated with the target AP successfully. State transition“g” indicates that the state has timed out. State transition “h”indicates that the client is on a voice call that shall not beinterrupted. State transition “i” indicates that the client's voice callhas ended. State transition “j” indicates that the client failed toassociate with the target AP as expected (for example, as a “sticky”client that has a strong preference to re-associate with the initialAP).

Process for Distributed Client Optimization

FIG. 6A illustrates an exemplary process for distributed clientoptimization according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Duringoperations, a first access point detects a plurality of client devices(operation 600). The first access point then receives informationidentifying a first set of client devices associated with a secondaccess point (operation 610), and further identifies a subset of thedetected plurality of client devices that are also identified in thefirst set of client devices associated with the second access point(operation 620). Next, the first access point transmits to the secondaccess point, characteristics corresponding to the subset of theplurality of client devices (operation 630). Note that, thecharacteristics can be determined based on wireless signals received bythe first access point from the subset of the plurality of clientdevices.

In some embodiments, a second access point selects a particular accesspoint for providing network access to a particular client device in thefirst set of client devices currently associated with the second accesspoint based at least on the characteristics received by the secondaccess point from the first access point.

In some embodiments, responsive to the selected particular access pointbeing different than the second access point, the second access pointcan terminate the association between the particular client device andthe second access point. In some embodiments, responsive to the selectedparticular access point being different than the second access point,the second access point can transmit a notification to the particularaccess point. The notification will indicate that the particular accesspoint is selected for providing network access to the particular clientdevice.

In some embodiments, the particular access point stores informationidentifying the particular client device as a client device to be servedby the particular access point.

In some embodiments, the second access point will receive from theparticular access point a confirmation accepting the particular clientdevice as a client device to be served by the particular access point.In some embodiments, the second access point will receive from theparticular access point a rejection declining the particular clientdevice as a client device to be served by the particular access point.

In some embodiments, responsive to the second access point receiving therejection from the particular access point, the second access pointcontinues to provide network access to the particular client device.

In some embodiments, responsive to the second access point receiving therejection from the particular access point, the second access pointselects a third access point to provide network access to the particularclient device. The second access point may further transmits anotification to a third access point indicating that the particularaccess point is selected for providing network access to the particularclient device. Note that, the third access point is different than theparticular access point. Therefore, the third access point will storeinformation identifying the particular client device as a client devicethat is not to be served by the third access point.

In some embodiments, the first access point receives informationidentifying a second set of client devices detected by the second accesspoint. Also, the first access point identifies a second subset of thedetected plurality of client devices that are also identified in thesecond set of client devices detected by the second access point. Then,the first access point transmits to the second access pointcharacteristics corresponding to the second subset of the plurality ofclient devices. Note that, the characteristics are determined based onwireless signals received by the first access point from the secondsubset of the plurality of client devices.

FIG. 6B illustrates another exemplary process for distributed clientoptimization according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Duringoperations, a second access point transmits to a first access pointinformation identifying a plurality of client devices associated withthe second access point (operation 650). Further, the second accesspoint may receive from the first access point characteristics associatedwith at least one client device in the plurality of client devices(operation 660). The characteristics are determined by the second accesspoint based on wireless signals received by the second access point fromthe at least one client device. Then, the second access point selects aparticular access point for providing network access to the at least oneclient device based at least on the characteristics received from thefirst access point (operation 670).

In some embodiments, the second access point further receives from thefirst access point characteristics associated with the first accesspoint, and selects the particular access point based at least on thecharacteristics associated with the first access point. Thecharacteristics associated with the second access point include one ormore of: a wireless channel load, a channel interference level, achannel utilization rate, and a differentiated capability.

In some embodiments, the characteristics associated with the at leastone client device include a number of times that the at least one clientdevice has been triggered to be moved to another AP in the past.

In some embodiments, the characteristics associated with the at leastone client device include a number of times that the at least one clientdevice has been moved successfully to another AP in the past.

In some embodiments, the characteristics associated with the at leastone client device include an application type associated with the atleast one client device. Note that, the application type includes avoice application, a video application, and a data application, etc.

In some embodiments, the characteristics associated with the at leastone client device include a device type associated with the at least oneclient device. Note that, the device type may include, but is notlimited to, an Apple® device, an Android® device, and a Windows® device.

In some embodiments, the characteristics associated with the at leastone client device include a platform type associated with the at leastone client device. For example, the platform type can be a Javaplatform, a .NET platform, etc.

In some embodiments, the characteristics associated with the at leastone client device include an operating system type associated with theat least one client device. For example, the operating system type mayindicate a iOS operating system, a Windows operating system, a Linuxoperating system, etc.

In some embodiments, the characteristics associated with the at leastone client device include an association status associated with the atleast one client device. The association status may indicate whether theat least one client device is associated with an access point; whichaccess point the at least one client device is associated with; whetheran access point can hear signals transmitted from the at least oneclient device; etc.

In some embodiments, the characteristics associated with the at leastone client device include a signal strength level associated with awireless signal received by the at least one client device. The signalstrength level may be indicated by a received signal strength indicator(RSSI) or a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or any other comparablewireless signal strength metrics.

System for Distributed Client Optimization

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a system for distributed clientoptimization according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

Network device 700 includes at least one or more radio antennas 710capable of either transmitting or receiving radio signals or both, anetwork interface 720 capable of communicating to a wired or wirelessnetwork, a processor 730 capable of processing computing instructions,and a memory 740 capable of storing instructions and data. Moreover,network device 700 further includes a receiving mechanism 750, atransmitting mechanism 760, a determining mechanism 770, and apropagating mechanism 780, all of which are in communication withprocessor 730 and/or memory 740 in network device 700. Network device700 may be used as a client system, or a server system, or may serveboth as a client and a server in a distributed or a cloud computingenvironment.

Radio antenna 710 may be any combination of known or conventionalelectrical components for receipt of signaling, including but notlimited to, transistors, capacitors, resistors, multiplexers, wiring,registers, diodes or any other electrical components known or laterbecome known.

Network interface 720 can be any communication interface, which includesbut is not limited to, a modem, token ring interface, Ethernetinterface, wireless IEEE 802.11 interface, cellular wireless interface,satellite transmission interface, or any other interface for couplingnetwork devices.

Processor 730 can include one or more microprocessors and/or networkprocessors. Memory 740 can include storage components, such as, DynamicRandom Access Memory (DRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), etc.

Receiving mechanism 750 generally receives one or more network messagesvia network interface 720 or radio antenna 710 from a wireless client.The received network messages may include, but are not limited to,requests and/or responses, beacon frames, management frames, controlpath frames, and so on.

In some embodiments, receiving mechanism 750 of a first access pointreceives information identifying a first set of client devicesassociated with a second access point. Moreover, receiving mechanism 750of the first access point can further receive information identifying asecond set of client devices detected by the second access point.

In some embodiments, receiving mechanism 750 of a second access pointreceives, from a particular selected access point, a confirmationaccepting the particular client device as a client device to be servedby the particular access point. In some embodiments, receiving mechanism750 of the second access point receives, from the particular accesspoint, a rejection declining to accept the particular client device as aclient device to be served by the particular access point.

In some embodiments, receiving mechanism 750 of the second access pointreceives from the first access point characteristics associated with atleast one client device in the plurality of client devices. Thecharacteristics can be determined by the second access point based onwireless signals received by the second access point from the at leastone client device. In addition, receiving mechanism 750 of the secondaccess point may receive from the first access point characteristicsassociated with the first access point.

Transmitting mechanism 760 generally transmits messages, which include,but are not limited to, requests and/or responses, beacon frames,management frames, control path frames, and so on.

In some embodiments, transmitting mechanism 760 of the first accesspoint transmits, to the second access point, characteristicscorresponding to the subset of the plurality of client devices. Thecharacteristics can be determined based on wireless signals received bythe first access point from the subset of the plurality of clientdevices. In some embodiments, transmitting mechanism 760 of the firstaccess point transmits, to the second access point, characteristicscorresponding to a second subset of the plurality of client devices.Here, the characteristics being determined based on wireless signalsreceived by the first access point from the second subset of theplurality of client devices. Moreover, transmitting mechanism 760 of thesecond access point can transmit, to a first access point, informationidentifying a plurality of client devices associated with the secondaccess point.

In some embodiments, responsive to the selected particular access pointbeing different than the second access point, transmitting mechanism 760of the second access point transmits a notification to the particularaccess point indicating that the particular access point is selected forproviding network access to the particular client device. Also,transmitting mechanism 760 of the second access point can transmit anotification to a third access point indicating that the particularaccess point is selected for providing network access to the particularclient device, whereas the third access point is different than theparticular access point.

Determining mechanism 770 generally determines whether a particularclient device shall be moved to associate with another access point in aWLAN. Specifically, determining mechanism 770 of the first access pointcan detect a plurality of client devices, and identify a subset of thedetected plurality of client devices that are also identified in thefirst set of client devices associated with the second access point.

Based at least on the characteristics received by the second accesspoint from the first access point, determining mechanism 770 of thesecond access point can select a particular access point for providingnetwork access to a particular client device in a first set of clientdevices currently associated with the second access point. In someembodiments, responsive to the selected particular access point beingdifferent than the second access point, determining mechanism 770 canterminate the association between the particular client device and thesecond access point.

Responsive to the second access point receiving the rejection from theparticular access point, determining mechanism 770 instruct the secondaccess point to continue to provide network access to the particularclient device. In some embodiments, responsive to the second accesspoint receiving the rejection from the particular access point,determining mechanism 770 of the second access point selects a thirdaccess point to provide network access to the particular client device.

In some embodiments, determining mechanism 770 of the first access pointidentifies a second subset of the detected plurality of client devicesthat are also identified in the second set of client devices detected bythe second access point. Further, determining mechanism 770 of thesecond access point can select a particular access point for providingnetwork access to the at least one client device based at least on thecharacteristics received from the first access point. Thecharacteristics associated with the at least one client device mayinclude, for example, a number of times that the at least one clientdevice has been triggered to be moved to another AP in the past; anumber of times that the at least one client device has been movedsuccessfully to another AP in the past; an application type associatedwith the at least one client device (e.g., a voice application, a videoapplication, a data application, etc.); a device type associated withthe at least one client device (e.g., an Apple® device, an Android®device, a Windows® device, etc.); a platform type associated with the atleast one client device; an operating system type associated with the atleast one client device; an association status associated with the atleast one client device; a signal strength level associated with awireless signal received by the at least one client device.

Note that, the selecting the particular access point can further bebased on the characteristics associated with the first access point.Specifically, the characteristics associated with the second accesspoint can be one or more of: a wireless channel load, a channelinterference level, a channel utilization rate, a differentiatedcapability, etc.

Propagating mechanism 780 generally propagates client information (suchas, a virtual beacon report (VBR)) or move decision to other accesspoints within the same AP cluster. Specifically, propagating mechanism780 can instruct transmitting mechanism 760 to transmit messagesincluding client information and/or move decisions made by determiningmechanism 770. In addition, propagating mechanism 780 of the particularaccess point instructs memory 740 to store information identifying theparticular client device as a client device to be served by theparticular access point. Likewise, propagating mechanism 780 of thethird access point can store information identifying the particularclient device as a client device that is not to be served by the thirdaccess point.

The present disclosure may be realized in hardware, software, or acombination of hardware and software. The present disclosure may berealized in a centralized fashion in one computer system or in adistributed fashion where different elements are spread across severalinterconnected computer systems coupled to a network. A typicalcombination of hardware and software may be an access point with acomputer program that, when being loaded and executed, controls thedevice such that it carries out the methods described herein.

The present disclosure also may be embedded in non-transitory fashion ina computer-readable storage medium (e.g., a programmable circuit; asemiconductor memory such as a volatile memory such as random accessmemory “RAM,” or non-volatile memory such as read-only memory,power-backed RAM, flash memory, phase-change memory or the like; a harddisk drive; an optical disc drive; or any connector for receiving aportable memory device such as a Universal Serial Bus “USB” flashdrive), which comprises all the features enabling the implementation ofthe methods described herein, and which when loaded in a computer systemis able to carry out these methods. Computer program in the presentcontext means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of aset of instructions intended to cause a system having an informationprocessing capability to perform a particular function either directlyor after either or both of the following: a) conversion to anotherlanguage, code or notation; b) reproduction in a different materialform.

As used herein, “network device” generally includes a device that isadapted to transmit and/or receive signaling and to process informationwithin such signaling such as a station (e.g., any data processingequipment such as a computer, cellular phone, personal digitalassistant, tablet devices, etc.), an access point, data transfer devices(such as network switches, routers, controllers, etc.) or the like.

As used herein, “access point” (AP) generally refers to receiving pointsfor any known or convenient wireless access technology which may laterbecome known. Specifically, the term AP is not intended to be limited toIEEE 802.11-based APs. APs generally function as an electronic devicethat is adapted to allow wireless devices to connect to a wired networkvia various communications standards.

As used herein, the term “interconnect” or used descriptively as“interconnected” is generally defined as a communication pathwayestablished over an information-carrying medium. The “interconnect” maybe a wired interconnect, wherein the medium is a physical medium (e.g.,electrical wire, optical fiber, cable, bus traces, etc.), a wirelessinterconnect (e.g., air in combination with wireless signalingtechnology) or a combination of these technologies.

As used herein, “information” is generally defined as data, address,control, management (e.g., statistics) or any combination thereof. Fortransmission, information may be transmitted as a message, namely acollection of bits in a predetermined format. One type of message,namely a wireless message, includes a header and payload data having apredetermined number of bits of information. The wireless message may beplaced in a format as one or more packets, frames or cells.

As used herein, “wireless local area network” (WLAN) generally refers toa communications network links two or more devices using some wirelessdistribution method (for example, spread-spectrum or orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing radio), and usually providing aconnection through an access point to the Internet; and thus, providingusers with the mobility to move around within a local coverage area andstill stay connected to the network.

As used herein, the term “mechanism” generally refers to a component ofa system or device to serve one or more functions, including but notlimited to, software components, electronic components, electricalcomponents, mechanical components, electro-mechanical components, etc.

As used herein, the term “embodiment” generally refers an embodimentthat serves to illustrate by way of example but not limitation.

It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that the precedingexamples and embodiments are exemplary and not limiting to the scope ofthe present disclosure. It is intended that all permutations,enhancements, equivalents, and improvements thereto that are apparent tothose skilled in the art upon a reading of the specification and a studyof the drawings are included within the true spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure. It is therefore intended that the following appendedclaims include all such modifications, permutations and equivalents asfall within the true spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

While the present disclosure has been described in terms of variousembodiments, the present disclosure should not be limited to only thoseembodiments described, but can be practiced with modification andalteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Likewise,where a reference to a standard is made in the present disclosure, thereference is generally made to the current version of the standard asapplicable to the disclosed technology area. However, the describedembodiments may be practiced under subsequent development of thestandard within the spirit and scope of the description and appendedclaims. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrative ratherthan limiting.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by one or more hardware processors, causes performance of operations comprising: detecting, by a first access point, a plurality of client devices; receiving, by the first access point, information identifying a first set of client devices associated with the second access point; identifying, by the first access point, a subset of the detected plurality of client devices that are also identified in the first set of client devices associated with the second access point; transmitting, by the first access point to the second access point, characteristics corresponding to the subset of the plurality of client devices, the characteristics being determined based on wireless signals received by the first access point from the subset of the plurality of client devices.
 2. The medium of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: based at least on the characteristics received by the second access point from the first access point: selecting, by the second access point, a particular access point for providing network access to a particular client device in the first set of client devices currently associated with the second access point.
 3. The medium of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: based at least on the characteristics received by the second access point from the first access point: selecting, by the second access point, a particular access point for providing network access to a particular client device in the first set of client devices currently associated with the second access point; responsive to the selected particular access point being different than the second access point: terminating the association between the particular client device and the second access point.
 4. The medium of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: based at least on the characteristics received by the second access point from the first access point: selecting, by the second access point, a particular access point for providing network access to a particular client device in the first set of client devices currently associated with the second access point; responsive to the selected particular access point being different than the second access point: transmitting a notification by the second access point to the particular access point indicating that the particular access point is selected for providing network access to the particular client device.
 5. The medium of claim 4, wherein the operations further comprise the particular access point storing information identifying the particular client device as a client device to be served by the particular access point.
 6. The medium of claim 4, wherein the operations further comprise receiving by the second access point from the particular access point, a confirmation accepting the particular client device as a client device to be served by the particular access point.
 7. The medium of claim 4, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving by the second access point from the particular access point, a rejection declining to accept the particular client device as a client device to be served by the particular access point; responsive to the second access point receiving the rejection: continuing, by the second access point, to provide network access to the particular client device; or selecting, by the second access point, a third access point to provide network access to the particular client device.
 8. The medium of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: based at least on the characteristics received by the second access point from the first access point: selecting, by the second access point, a particular access point for providing network access to a particular client device in the first set of client devices currently associated with the second access point; transmitting a notification by the second access point to a third access point indicating that the particular access point is selected for providing network access to the particular client device, wherein the third access point is different than the particular access point; storing, by the third access point, information identifying the particular client device as a client device that is not to be served by the third access point.
 9. The medium of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving, by the first access point, information identifying a second set of client devices detected by the second access point; identifying, by the first access point, a second subset of the detected plurality of client devices that are also identified in the second set of client devices detected by the second access point; transmitting, by the first access point to the second access point, characteristics corresponding to the second subset of the plurality of client devices, the characteristics being determined based on wireless signals received by the first access point from the second subset of the plurality of client devices.
 10. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by one or more hardware processors, causes performance of operations comprising: transmitting, to a first access point by a second access point, information identifying a plurality of client devices associated with the second access point; receiving, from the first access point by the second access point, characteristics associated with at least one client device in the plurality of client devices, the characteristics being determined by the second access point based on wireless signals received by the second access point from the at least one client device; selecting, by the second access point, a particular access point for providing network access to the at least one client device based at least on the characteristics received from the first access point.
 11. The medium of claim 10, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving, from the first access point by the second access point, characteristics associated with the first access point; wherein the selecting the particular access point is further based on the characteristics associated with the first access point.
 12. The medium of claim 10, wherein the characteristics associated with the second access point comprise one or more of: a wireless channel load, a channel interference level, a channel utilization rate, and a differentiated capability.
 13. The medium of claim 10, wherein the characteristics associated with the at least one client device comprise a number of times that the at least one client device has been triggered to be moved to another AP in the past.
 14. The medium of claim 10, wherein the characteristics associated with the at least one client device comprise a number of times that the at least one client device has been moved successfully to another AP in the past.
 15. The medium of claim 10, wherein the characteristics associated with the at least one client device comprise an application type associated with the at least one client device, wherein the application type comprises one or more of a voice application, a video application, and a data application.
 16. The medium of claim 10, wherein the characteristics associated with the at least one client device comprise a device type associated with the at least one client device, wherein the device type comprises one or more of an Apple device, an Android device, and a Windows device.
 17. The medium of claim 10, wherein the characteristics associated with the at least one client device comprise a platform type associated with the at least one client device.
 18. The medium of claim 10, wherein the characteristics associated with the at least one client device comprise an operating system type associated with the at least one client device.
 19. The medium of claim 10, wherein the characteristics associated with the at least one client device comprise an association status associated with the at least one client device.
 20. The medium of claim 10, wherein the characteristics associated with the at least one client device comprise a signal strength level associated with a wireless signal received by the at least one client device. 